The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a forum held annually by leaders of 16 countries in the East Asian East Asia or Eastern Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms. Geographically and geopolitically, it covers about 12,000,000 km2 (4,600,000 sq mi), or about 28 percent of the Asian continent, about 15 percent bigger than the area of Europe, though some categorize Tibet, Xinjiang, and Mongolia as region. EAS meetings are held after annual ASEAN The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly abbreviated ASEAN , is a geo-political and economic organisation of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, leaders’ meetings. The first summit was held in Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur , is the capital and largest city of Malaysia. The city proper, making up an area of 244 km2 (94 sq mi), has an estimated population of 1.6 million in 2006. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is the fastest growing metropolitan region in the country, in terms of on December 14, 2005.

Contents

Countries involved

The 16 countries involved in the first EAS in December 2005 (Malaysia), second EAS in January 2007 (the Philippines) and third EAS in November 2007 (Singapore) were:

History prior to the first East Asia Summit

The concept of an East Asia Grouping has significant history going back to an idea first promoted in 1991 by then Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad for an East Asia Economic Caucus The East Asia Economic Caucus or East Asia Economic Group (EAEG) is a regional free trade zone (FTA) proposed in 1990 by former Malaysian Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad and encompasses the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states, China, South Korea and Japan. Japan though refused participation out of its loyalty to[1].

The final report in 2002 of the East Asian Study Group, established by the ASEAN Plus Three ASEAN Free Trade Area is a trade bloc agreement by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations supporting local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries countries, was based on an EAS involving ASEAN Plus Three ASEAN Free Trade Area is a trade bloc agreement by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations supporting local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries, therefore not involving Australia Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the mainland, which is both the world's smallest continent and the world's largest island, the island of Tasmania, and numerous other islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.N4 It is the only area of land simultaneously considered a continent,, New Zealand New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses , and numerous smaller islands, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands. The indigenous Māori named New Zealand Aotearoa, commonly translated as The Land of the Long White Cloud. The Realm of New Zealand also includes the Cook or India India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of 7,517 [2]. The EAS as proposed was to be an ASEAN The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly abbreviated ASEAN , is a geo-political and economic organisation of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, led development, with the summit to be linked to ASEAN summit meetings however the issue was to which contries beyond those in ASEAN the EAS was to be extended to.

The decision to hold the EAS was reached during the 2004 ASEAN Plus Three ASEAN Free Trade Area is a trade bloc agreement by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations supporting local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries summit and the initial 16 members determined at the ASEAN Plus Three ASEAN Free Trade Area is a trade bloc agreement by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations supporting local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries Ministerial Meeting held in Laos Laos , officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west. Laos traces its history to the Kingdom of Lan Xang or Land of a Million Elephants, which existed from the 14th to the 18th century at the end of July 2005[3].

Credit for advancing the forum during the 2004 ASEAN Plus Three ASEAN Free Trade Area is a trade bloc agreement by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations supporting local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries summit has been attributed to Malaysia Malaysia is a country that consists of thirteen states and three federal territories in Southeast Asia with a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,355 sq mi). The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population stands at over 27 million. The country is separated into two regions —[4]

Meetings held

Meeting Country Location Date Note
First EAS Malaysia Malaysia is a country that consists of thirteen states and three federal territories in Southeast Asia with a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,355 sq mi). The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population stands at over 27 million. The country is separated into two regions — Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur , is the capital and largest city of Malaysia. The city proper, making up an area of 244 km2 (94 sq mi), has an estimated population of 1.6 million in 2006. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is the fastest growing metropolitan region in the country, in terms of December 14, 2005 Russia attended as a guest.
Second EAS Philippines The Philippines, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a country in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. It comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean Cebu City The City of Cebu , is the capital city of Cebu and the second city in the Philippines, the second most significant metropolitan center in the Philippine Islands, and known as the oldest city in the country January 15, 2007 Rescheduled from December 13, 2006.

Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security The Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security was signed by 16 nations after a three hour meeting of delegates at the East Asia Summit in Cebu on January 15, 2007. The countries have agreed to promote energy security and find energy alternatives to conventional fuels
Third EAS Singapore Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, lying 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. At 710.2 km2 (274.2 sq mi), Singapore, a microstate and the smallest nation in Southeast Asia, Singapore Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, lying 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. At 710.2 km2 (274.2 sq mi), Singapore, a microstate and the smallest nation in Southeast Asia, November 21, 2007 Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment[5]

Agreed to establish Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia
Fourth EAS Thailand The Kingdom of Thailand (pronounced /ˈtaɪlænd/; Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย Ratcha Anachak Thai, IPA: [râːtɕʰa ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k tʰɑj]) is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Laos and Myanmar, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Phuket Phuket is one of the southern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are (from north clockwise) Phang Nga and Krabi, but as Phuket is an island there are no land boundaries October, 2009 Thailand was initially to host the Summit. It was announced in late October 2008 that the Summit would be shifted from Bangkok The city of Bangkok is the capital, largest urban area and primary city of Thailand. Known in Thai as Krung Thep Mahanakhon (Thai: กรุงเทพมหานคร, pronounced [krūŋtʰêːp máhǎːnákʰɔːn] ), or กรุงเทพฯ Krung Thep ( (listen) (help·info)) for short, it was a small trading post at the mouth of the to Chiang Mai Chiang Mai (Thai: เชียงใหม่ ;IPA: [tɕʰɪɑŋ mɑ̀i], Lanna (local): เจียงใหม่;IPA: [tɕɪɑŋ mɑ̀i] ), also sometimes written as "Chiengmai", is the largest and most culturally significant city in northern Thailand, and is the capital of Chiang Mai Province. It is located some 700 km (435 mi) due to concerns about political unrest in Bangkok The city of Bangkok is the capital, largest urban area and primary city of Thailand. Known in Thai as Krung Thep Mahanakhon (Thai: กรุงเทพมหานคร, pronounced [krūŋtʰêːp máhǎːnákʰɔːn] ), or กรุงเทพฯ Krung Thep ( (listen) (help·info)) for short, it was a small trading post at the mouth of the[6].

It was then announced on 2 December 2008 that due to the 2008 Thai political crisis The 2008–2009 Thai political crisis is an ongoing conflict in Thailand between the People's Alliance for Democracy and the People's Power Party (PPP) governments of Prime Ministers Samak Sundaravej and Somchai Wongsawat and later between the United Front for Democracy against Dictatorship (UDD) and the Democrat Party government of Prime Minister the Summit would be post-poned from 17 December 2008 to March 2009[7]. The re-scheduling of the Heads of Government/State of the 16 nations caused the event to be tentatively re-scheduled for April, co-inciding with Easter Easter is the most important annual religious feast in the Christian liturgical year. According to Christian scripture, Jesus was resurrected from the dead on the third day from his crucifixion. Christians celebrate this resurrection on Easter Day or Easter Sunday (also Resurrection Day or Resurrection Sunday), two days after Good Friday and three[8][9]. This revised date meant the venue, then planned for Phuket Phuket is one of the southern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are (from north clockwise) Phang Nga and Krabi, but as Phuket is an island there are no land boundaries, was under consideration for shifting to Pattaya Pattaya (Thai: พัทยา, พัทยา , RTGS: Phatthaya) is a city in Thailand, located on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand (12°55′39″N 100°52′31″E / 12.9275°N 100.87528°E [10]. This revised date and venue was subsequently confirmed[11]. The Summit however was cancelled when anti-Government protesters took over the venue[12]. The Summit has been rescheduled for October 2009 in Phuket[13].

First EAS in 2005

Main article: First EAS

Prior to the first meeting there was significant discussion as to which countries should be represented [14]. At the time there were difficulties in the relationship between the "Plus Three" members (ie Japan, China and South Korea) of ASEAN Plus Three ASEAN Free Trade Area is a trade bloc agreement by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations supporting local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries[15], and the perception that India and to a lesser extent Australia and New Zealand were present to balance the growing China power[16] all meant the first meeting's achievements were limited. Russia expressed early interest in EAS membership and attended the first EAS as an observer at the invitation of 2005 EAS host Malaysia.

Second EAS in 2007

Main article: Second EAS

The next EAS was to be held on December 13, 2006 in Metro Cebu, Philippines. After the confidence building of the inaugural EAS the 2006 EAS will help to define the future role of the EAS, its relationship with ASEAN Plus Three and the involvement of Russia in EAS. However in the face of Tropical Typhoon Utor the summit was post-poned until January 2007 [17]. It was re-scheduled for January 15, 2007, approximately a month after the original scheduled date.

The outcomes are summarised in the .

Energy

The EAS members signed the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security, a declaration on energy security and biofuels containing statement for members to prepare, non-binding, targets [18].

Trade and the Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA)

As to trade and regional integration the following was noted in the Chair's report:

12. We welcomed ASEAN's efforts towards further integration and community building, and reaffirmed our resolve to work closely together in narrowing development gaps in our region. We reiterated our support for ASEAN's role as the driving force for economic integration in this region. To deepen integration, we agreed to launch a Track Two study on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA) among EAS participants. We tasked the ASEAN Secretariat to prepare a time frame for the study and to invite all our countries to nominate their respective participants in it. We welcomed Japan's proposal for an Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA).

The reality appears however that movement towards such a relationship is a long way-off. Lee Kuan Yew has compared the relationshiop between South-East Asia and India with that of the European Community and Turkey, and has suggested that a free-trade area involving South-East Asia and India is 30 to 50 years away[19].

The members of EAS agreed to study the Japanese proposed [20] Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA). The Track Two report on CEPEA is due to be completed in mid-2008[21] and at the Third EAS it was agreed this would be considered at the Fourth EAS.

As noted above the Second EAS welcomed the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA). It was subsequently announced that the ERIA would be established in November 2007[22] and confirmed at the Third EAS.

Third EAS in 2007

Main article: Third EAS

The issues of Myanmar (Burma), following the 2007 Burmese anti-government protests,and climate change were expected to be discussed at the Third EAS.

Myanmar successfully blocked formal discussion of its internal affairs[23].

The summit did issue the Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment[5].

The Summit also agreed to the establishment of the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia and to receive the final report on the Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia at the Fourth EAS[24].

The outcomes are summarised in the Chairman's Statement of the 3rd East Asia Summit Singapore, 21 November 2007.

Fourth EAS in 2009

Main article: Fourth EAS

The Summit was significantly delayed and its location changed a number of times due to internal tensions in Thailand, the host nation. In the lead up to the Summit there were also several fatal border clashes between Thailand and Cambodia. The Summit however is said to be used as an opportunity for discussions on the sidelines between the respective nation's leaders[25].

It was also announced that India would be represented at the Summit by its Commerce and Industry Minister Kamal Nath not its Prime Minister[26].

The Summit was then cancelled following protesters takin over the summit's venue on the day of the Summit[27].

East Asian Community

Main article: East Asian Community

After the EAS was established the issue arose of whether any future East Asia Community would arise from the EAS or ASEAN Plus Three. Prior to the creation of the EAS it appeared that ASEAN Plus Three would take the role of community building in East Asia[28]

Malyasia felt that it was still the case that the role of the community building fell to ASEAN Plus Three shortly before the second EAS despite "confusion"[29]. China apparently agreed whereas Japan and India felt the EAS should be the focus of the East Asian Community[30].

After the first EAS the feasibility of EAS to have a community building role was questioned with Ong Keng Yong, the secretary-general of ASEAN being quoted as describing the EAS as little more than a "brainstorming forum"[31]. Nevertheless the Chairman’s Press Statement for the Seventh ASEAN Plus Three Foreign Ministers’ Meeting Kuala Lumpur, 26 July 2006 said

25. The Ministers welcomed the convening of the East Asia Summit as a forum for dialogue on broad strategic, political and economic issues of common interest with the aim of promoting peace, stability and economic prosperity in East Asia. In this respect, they recognized that the East Asia Summit could make a significant contribution to the achievement of the long-term goal of establishing an East Asian community.

It appeared that over time following the first EAS the focus was less on whether the EAS has a role in community building to what the role and whether it was secondary to ASEAN Plus Three. By mid-2006 the Chinese news site Xinhua Net suggested the community would arise through a two-phase process with ASEAN Plus Three as the first phase and the EAS as the second phase [32]. The China-India joint declaration of 21 November 2006 linked, at paragraph 43, the EAS with the East Asian Community process[33].

The concentric circle model of the community process with ASEAN at the centre, ASEAN Plus Three at the next band and the East Asia Summit at the outer band is supported by the Second Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation Building on the Foundations of ASEAN Plus Three Cooperation which said:

III. Looking Forward to a Decade of Consolidation and Closer Integration (2007-2017) A. Defining the Objectives and Roles of the ASEAN Plus Three Cooperation in the Emerging Regional Architecture 1. We reaffirmed that the ASEAN Plus Three Process would remain as the main vehicle towards the long-term goal of building an East Asian community, with ASEAN as the driving force. ... 3. We recognised and supported the mutually reinforcing and complementary roles of the ASEAN Plus Three process and such regional fora as EAS, ARF, APEC and ASEM to promote East Asian community building. 4. We reiterated that East Asian integration is an open, transparent, inclusive, and forward-looking process for mutual benefits and support internationally shared values to achieve peace, stability, democracy and prosperity in the region. Guided by the vision for durable peace and shared prosperity in East Asia and beyond, we will stand guided by new economic flows, evolving strategic interactions and the belief to continue to engage all interested countries and organisations towards the realisation of an open regional architecture capable of adapting to changes and new dynamism.

On any view community building is not a short term project. However after the second EAS the Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh was confident that the EAS would lead to an East Asia Community[34]. China had also apparently accepted this was the case[35]

If achieved the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia (CEPEA) would be a tangible first step in the community building process. The second EAS seems to have increased confidence in CEPEA but is still only a proposal[36].

It has been suggested that as the EAS consists of an "anti-region" the propsects of it forming a community are less than likely[37].

The relationship with ASEAN Plus Three

The relationship between the EAS on the one hand and ASEAN Plus Three on the other is still not clear. As discussed above, some countries are more supportive of the narrower ASEAN Plus Three grouping whereas others support the broader, more inclusive EAS. ASEAN Plus Three, which has been meeting since December 1997[38] has a history, including the Chiang Mai initiative[39] which appears to have led to the development of the Asian Currency Unit. This may be significant for those advocating a broader role for EAS in the future.

The tension between the groupings extends to the respective members' intentions towards future Free Trade Agreements with China and South Korea focused on ASEAN Plus Three and Japan on the broader EAS members[40].

The 1997 Asian financial crisis had demonstrated the need for regional groupings and initiatives. It was during this time ASEAN Plus Three had commenced and it was also during this time that the East Asian caucus was being discussed.

The EAS is just one regional grouping and some members down play its significance, the former Australian Prime Minister John Howard has stated that the EAS was secondary as a regional summit to Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) which has on his view a premier role [41]. Not all members of the EAS, notably India, are members of APEC. However as the EAS meetings are scheduled with the ASEAN Plus Three meetings (they both follow the annual ASEAN meetings) and all members of ASEAN Plus Three are members of EAS the ability of the two forums to remain relevant given the existence of the other remains in question. China has stated its preference for both EAS and ASEAN Plus Three to exist side-by-side[42].

The relationship between APEC, ASEAN Plus Three and the EAS remained unresolved heading into the 2007 APEC meeting[43]. Following the meeting the then Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi described ASEAN Plus Three as the primary vehicle and implied APEC was the lesser of the three[44]. At the same time a Malaysian commentator writing in a Singaporean newspaper described concentric circles for the three with ASEAN Plus Three at the centre and APEC at the outer, also suggested the Nikai Initiative, with its regional OECD like plans, might overtaking the remaining role for APEC[45].

Possible future members

Russia participated in the first EAS as an observer at the invitation of 2005 host Malaysia and has requested to become a member. Its request to become a future member seems to be supported by China and India[46].

East Timor is a candidate ASEAN member seeking membership within five years (from 2006) [47]; presumably new members of ASEAN would also join the EAS [48] .

Pakistan and Mongolia have been proposed as future members by Malaysia[49].

Pakistan and Bangladesh have been raised by Japan[50].

The United States has now stated that it hopes to have some role in the future of the EAS[51].

The European Union has indicated it wishes to have a role as an observer [52].

The Arab League has held talks and expressed its desire to have a role as an Observer [53]

However, ASEAN has decided to freeze new "membership" of EAS for at least two years [54].

See also

References

  1. ^ Yale Globel Online, The East Asia Summit: More Discord than Accord, 20 December 2005
  2. ^ Report of the East Asian Study Group
  3. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) - General Information on East Asia Summit First appeared in The Asian Wall Street Journal - Watching the East Asia Summit
  4. ^ Yale Globel Online, The East Asia Summit: More Discord than Accord
  5. ^ a b Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment
  6. ^ [1]
  7. ^ http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20081202-175716/Thailand-postpones-ASEAN-summit
  8. ^ ASEAN Notional Calendar
  9. ^ Singapore Minister Sees Opportunity In Adversity
  10. ^ Thailand Might Move Summit To Pattaya
  11. ^ Official site
  12. ^ Thai riot police clash with protesters
  13. ^ Thai PM woos Chinese businesses ASEAN Calendar for October 2009
  14. ^ Mahathir blasts Australia over summit - Nine MSN Executive decisions - The Indian Express
  15. ^ International Herald Tribune - An Asian Union? Not yet Battle Looms Over Inaugural East Asia Summit
  16. ^ People's Daily Online - East Asia Summit: in the shadow of sharp divisions
  17. ^ Bangkok Post - Asean summit may be reset for Jan 8-13 Sun Star - Asean summit shelved ‘effectively’?
  18. ^
  19. ^ Original link dead
  20. ^ The Japan Time's Online: Success for the EAS? Bloomberg - India, Australia, N.Z. Will Join Trade Bloc, Ong Says
  21. ^ The Jakarta Post - East Asia Summit and broader economic integration in Asia
  22. ^ The Brunei Times - Link Dead
  23. ^ ASEAN stands ready to help Myanmar: Singapore PM Lee - Channel News Asia
  24. ^ Chairman's Statement of the 3rd East Asia Summit Singapore, 21 November 2007 - Paragraphs 13 and 14
  25. ^ [2]
  26. ^ [3]
  27. ^ Thai riot police clash with protesters
  28. ^ Asia Times Online: ASEAN: Trouble in the family People's Daily On-line: Establishing East Asian Community becomes common understanding: Interview Wu Jianmin, president of China Foreign Affairs University
  29. ^ Original link dead
  30. ^ Original link dead Original link dead
  31. ^ Timor parliament to consider oil deal
  32. ^ Xinhua - English
  33. ^ PIB Press Release
  34. ^ http://www.dailyindia.com/show/103864.php/East-Asia-Summit-would-ultimately-lead-to-creation-of-East-Asia-community:-PM
  35. ^ Xinhua - English
  36. ^ DNA - World - East Asia summit is an unqualified success for India - Daily News & Analysis
  37. ^ http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/publications/pab/Breslin_07_PAB.pdf
  38. ^ ASEAN secretariat - ASEAN Plus Three Cooperation
  39. ^ ASEAN secretariat - China, Japan, South Korea, ASEAN Agree on Wider Currency Swap Arrangements
  40. ^ Bernama - Japan Pushes For Expanded EAFTA Comprising 16 Countries
  41. ^ AM - APEC leads Asian summits, PM says
  42. ^ People's Daily Online - East Asia Summit, a new platform for regional cooperation
  43. ^ VietNamNet Bridge
  44. ^ Make Apec relevant to all
  45. ^ The New Strais Times On-line - Link dead
  46. ^ The Hindu : National : Trilateral business meet later this year
  47. ^ East Timor Needs Five Years to Join ASEAN: PM
  48. ^ "09-East Timor soon to join ASEAN". Balita - Linking Filipinos worldwide with news since 1994. 2007-01-09. http://news.balita.ph/html/article.php/20070109122630046. Retrieved on 2007-03-06.
  49. ^ People's Daily Online - Interview: Malaysian PM Badawi says China-ASEAN ties developing rapidly Online International News Network - Pak-Malaysia stresses enhancing trade, economic relations
  50. ^ Link in Japanese
  51. ^ Original link dead
  52. ^ European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy New Visions for EU-Japan Relations Opening of Joint EU-Japan Symposium Brussels, 6 April 2006
  53. ^ League of Arab States
  54. ^ Times of India - East Asia Summit freezes membership for 2 years

External links

Member states of the East Asia Summit (EAS)

Australia Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia

India Indonesia Japan Laos

Malaysia New Zealand People's Republic of China Philippines

Singapore South Korea Thailand Vietnam
Potential future members Timor-Leste Russia

Categories: Association of Southeast Asian Nations meetings | International organizations | Organizations associated with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations | Diplomatic conferences

 

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